Il culto dei morti – Adriana Perillo
Il mese di novembre è associato al ricordo dei nostri defunti e al rito della visitazione dei cimiteri, per deporre fiori e lumini sulle tombe e pregare.
Molte persone si spostano anche da luoghi lontani per poter salutare i propri cari estinti, quasi si senta il bisogno di assicurare loro la memoria, curando l’aspetto delle tombe o dei loculi per renderli meno tristi.
Il 2 novembre i cimiteri sono aperti per accogliere la gente che, molto più numerosa del solito, si sparge per i viali in cerca delle proprie” radici”.
Certamente questa pratica commuove ed emoziona molto e il ricordo di chi non c’è più si ravviva, si acuisce il dolore per la perdita ma riempie ancora i cuori con l’amore che legava alle persone trapassate.
Ogni paese, pur piccolo, dedica una parte del proprio territorio al cimitero, e nelle grandi città sorgono anche diversi cimiteri per ospitare i defunti. Alcuni offrono interessanti aspetti estetici nelle tombe costruite da veri artisti.
Un tempo i campisanti erano ospitati dentro le mura delle città, nei conventi, nelle chiese. Nel 1804 Napoleone emanò l’editto di Saint Cloud con cui obbligava la sepoltura dei morti fuori dalle mura cittadine, le lapidi dovevano essere tutte uguali e senza eccessive decorazioni. Questo editto fu influenzato dalle idee di uguaglianza della rivoluzione francese ma anche per ragioni igieniche.
Il nostro grande poeta Ugo Foscolo era contrario a questo anonimato delle tombe perché mortificava la memoria degli uomini gloriosi che con le loro opere avevano reso il proprio paese illustre e che, con il loro esempio, potevano infiammare i cuori degli uomini e portarli all’emulazione (v. I Sepolcri).
Ma quando è nato il culto dei morti? Possiamo dire che l’uomo, sin dal paleolitico, esprime una forma di rispetto verso il defunto, facendo trapelare un tipo di pensiero rivolto non solo ai propri bisogni fisici ma anche a interessi superiori, qualcosa di simile a una specie di spiritualità.
Sappiamo poco delle usanze funebri dell’età paleolitica, certamente diverse a seconda delle località. I cadaveri venivano bruciati o buttati nell’acqua dei fiumi o nei mari, nascosti nelle cavità degli alberi, alcuni mangiavano il cervello dei defunti forse per avere con sé qualcosa di loro.
Solo all’epoca dell’uomo di Neandertal si diffuse l’uso di seppellire i morti e spesso accanto al cadavere venivano messi oggetti utili alla vita quotidiana, forse perché si sperava in una nuova vita dopo la morte.
Circa 9000 anni fa si sviluppò la religione e il vero culto dei morti. Nel neolitico si inizia a costruire tombe dove il cadavere veniva ricoperto di terra e murato in una camera interna.
Le tombe dei personaggi importanti di un villaggio divennero luoghi di ritrovo del popolo per le cerimonie religiose e le sepolture sontuose erano motivo di orgoglio.
Le piramidi sono la testimonianza dell’importanza del culto dei morti. Gli Egiziani consideravano la morte come il passaggio ad un’altra vita del defunto e per questo avevano studiato il modo di conservare i cadaveri con la mummificazione dopo la quale i corpi venivano posti in vari sarcofagi in posa eretta e circondati da oggetti per la vita quotidiana, statuine raffiguranti i famigliari, il cibo, le armi.
Questi sono solo pochi accenni sull’antico culto funebre ma in ogni nazione ci sono testimonianze e ritrovamenti fatti dagli studiosi archeologi e antropologi che confermano tali abitudini.
Lo studio di questo argomento è vasto ed interessante. Ancora oggi i riti si differenziano tra i popoli ma indicano tutti il grande legame che unisce i vivi e i morti, ovunque e sempre, attraverso il ricordo perpetuo che ci viene stimolato visitando i cimiteri.
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